Biology
Immunity and microbes
Pathogens, innate and adaptive immunity, antibiotics and vaccines.
Basics
Microbes
Bacteria are prokaryotes; viruses replicate only inside host cells. Fungi and protozoa too. Gram stain tracks the wall. Antibiotics hit bacterial targets (wall, ribosome…), not typical viruses. Resistance is selection.
Immunity
Innate: barriers, phagocytes, inflammation. Adaptive: B-cell antibodies, T cells. Memory is the point of vaccines. MHC displays fragments. Allergy is over-reaction; autoimmunity is mis-recognition.
Formulas
Bacterial doubling (ideal)
Doubling time t_d. Nutrients, waste, and immunity cap real growth.
Symbols
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t_ddoubling time
Key table
| Vaccine types (sketch) | live-attenuated, inactivated, protein, mRNA, vector, and others |
|---|
In this field
The cell
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes, organelles, membranes.
Genetics and molecular biology
DNA, transcription/translation, Mendel, meiosis.
Metabolism
Photosynthesis, respiration, ATP, enzymes.
Evolution and ecology
Natural selection, phylogeny, trophic levels, cycles.
Human physiology basics
Homeostasis, circulation, nerves, immunity.
Plants and development
Plant tissues, hormones, developmental stages.
Nervous and endocrine systems
Neurons, synapses, hormones, and homeostasis — fast electrical and slower chemical signals.
Molecular lab sketch
Restriction enzymes, electrophoresis, PCR, and sequencing — a short principle sketch.
Population ecology
Exponential and logistic growth, carrying capacity, life history, predator–prey sketch.
Life’s diversity
Domains, a phylogeny sketch, homology versus analogy, and binomial names.
Biological macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids — structure and role sketches.