Biology

Plants and development

Plant tissues, hormones, developmental stages.

Basics

Plant basics

Root, stem, leaf. Xylem carries water and ions (transpiration pull); phloem carries sugar. Stomata take CO₂ and lose water vapor. Auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, ethylene, and ABA coordinate growth.

Development

Zygote → cleavage → gastrula → organs. Induction: one tissue changes a neighbor’s fate. Stem cells keep potency. Animals mostly have a fixed body plan; plants keep meristems for life.

Formulas

Water potential (sketch)

Ψ = Ψ_s + Ψ_p

Water moves from high Ψ to low Ψ. Ψ_s is solute (usually negative); Ψ_p is pressure.

Symbols

Ψ_s solute potential
Ψ_p pressure potential

Key table

C3 / C4 / CAM	Different photorespiration strategies. C4 and CAM help in heat and drought

In this field

The cell

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes, organelles, membranes.

Genetics and molecular biology

DNA, transcription/translation, Mendel, meiosis.

Metabolism

Photosynthesis, respiration, ATP, enzymes.

Evolution and ecology

Natural selection, phylogeny, trophic levels, cycles.

Human physiology basics

Homeostasis, circulation, nerves, immunity.

Immunity and microbes

Pathogens, innate and adaptive immunity, antibiotics and vaccines.

Nervous and endocrine systems

Neurons, synapses, hormones, and homeostasis — fast electrical and slower chemical signals.

Molecular lab sketch

Restriction enzymes, electrophoresis, PCR, and sequencing — a short principle sketch.

Population ecology

Exponential and logistic growth, carrying capacity, life history, predator–prey sketch.

Life’s diversity

Domains, a phylogeny sketch, homology versus analogy, and binomial names.

Biological macromolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids — structure and role sketches.